Nonthermal Effects of Radar Exposure on Human: A Review Article

vida zaroushani, Ali Khavanin, seyed Bagher Mortazavi

Abstract


ABSTRACT
Microwave is part of the electromagnetic spectrum that has different application such as communications, military, air-traffic Control and etc... Previous studies showed that radar frequency could be a health hazard agent. This review article mentioned some of the studies that investigated non-thermal effects of radar frequencies. Reproductive effects, cancers, blood effects, genetic, adverse immune effects and mental effects are non-thermal effects that presented in this report. There are many unknown aspects of the biological effects and many of them did not determined very well such as oxidative stress and mental effects. Compliance with permissible exposure limits, reduction in exposure, and shielding are some of the controlling methods to protect workers from the exposure of microwave and among them, The use of shielding is a superior method for prevention of microwave exposure and among them, electromagnetic Nano composites shields is appropriate for protection of workers from radar exposure.

Keywords


Microwave, Radar exposure, Non-thermal effect, Occupational health, Radiation

Full Text:

PDF

References


REFERENCES

Cember H, Johnson TE. Introduction to health physics. 4th ed. Mc Graw Hill; New York ; 2009

X band. available from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X_band.

Kubacki R. Biological interaction of pulse-modulated electromagnetic fields and protection of humans from exposure to fields emitted from radars. Microwaves, Radar and Wireless Communications, IEEE, MIKON, 17th International Conference on; 2008.

Gairola SP, Vermaa V, Kumarb L, Abdullah Dara M, Annapoornib S, Kotnala RK. Enhanced microwave absorption properties in polyaniline and nanoferrite composite in Xband. Synthetic Metals 2010; 160 (21-22): 2315-8.

Repacholi MH. Health risks from the use of mobile phones. Toxicology Letters. 2001;120 (1-3):323–31.

Cleary S, Pasternack B, Beebe G. Cataract incidence in radar workers. Archives of environmental health, 1965; 11(2):179-82.

Møllerløkken OJ. Is fertility reduced among men exposed to radiofrequency fields in the Norwegian Navy? Bioelectromagnetics, 2008; 29 (5): 345-52.

Mailankot M, Kunnath AP, Jayalekshmi H, Koduru B, Valsalan R. Radio frequency electromagnetic radiation (RF-EMR) from GSM (0.9/1.8 GHz) mobile phones induces oxidative stress and reduces sperm motility in rats. Clinics. 2009; 64(6):561-5.

Goldsmith JR. Epidemiologic evidence relevant to radar (microwave) effects. Environmental Health Perspectives, 1997; 105(Suppl 6):1579.

Jauchem JR. Effects of low-level radio-frequency (3 kHz to 300 GHz) energy on human cardiovascular, reproductive, immune, and other systems: A review of the recent literature. International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health, 2008; 211:1-29.

Garaj-Vrhovac V, Gajski G, Pažanin S, Sarolić A, Domijan A-M, Flajs D, et al. Assessment of cytogenetic damage and oxidative stress in personnel occupationally exposed to the pulsed microwave radiation of marine radar equipment. International Journal of hygiene and environmental health. 2010; 214(1):59-65.

Suwen Y, Jie T, Ning Z. The effect of low intensity microwave radiation on male reproductive health. Medical Journal of Chinese People's Liberation Army. 2005;1.

Schrader SM, Langford RE, Turner TW, Breitenstein MJ, Clark JC, Jenkins BL, et al. Reproductive function in relation to duty assignments among military personnel. Reproductive Toxicology. 1998; 12(4):465-8.

Ding XP, Yan SW, Zhang N, Tang J, Lu HO, Wang XL, et al. A cross-sectional study on nonionizing radiation to male fertility. Zhonghua liu xing bing xue za. 2004; 25(1):40-3.

Sies H. Oxidative stress: oxidants and antioxidants. Experimental physiology. 1997; 82 (2): 291-5.

Mates.J Mea. Antioxidant Enzymes and Human Disease. clinical Biochemistry. 1999; 32 (8): 595-603.

Gharagozloo P, Aitken RJ. The role of sperm oxidative stress in male infertility and the significance of oral antioxidant therapy. Human reproduction, 2011, 26(7):1628-40.

Said TM, Fischer-Hammadeh C, Refaat K, Hammadeh ME. Oxidative Stress, DNA Damage, and Apoptosis in Male Infertility. Studies on Men's Health and Fertility: 2012; 433-48.

Said, T.M.& Gokul, S.R.& Agarwal, A., "Clinical consequences of oxidative stress in male infertility. Studies on men's health and fertility – oxidative stress in applied basic research and clinical practice"[chapter 24], Springer, 2012,

Makker K, Agarwal A, Sharma R. Oxidative stress & male infertility, Indian J. Med. Res., 2009; 129, 357-367.

Lin M.T., Flint Beal M, The oxidative damage theory of aging. Clinical Neuroscience Research. 2003; 2(5-6): 305–15.

Roberta Ricciarelli FA, Maria A. Pronzato CD. Vitamin E and neurodegenerative diseases. Molecular Aspects of Medicine. 2007; 28 (5-6): 591-606.

http://www.oxidativestressresource.org/img/oxidative_stress_oval.jpg. [cited]; Available from.

Cherry N. Evidence of brain cancer from occupational exposure to pulsed microwaves from a police radar. www.neilcherry.com, 2001.

Richter ED, Berman T, Levy O. Brain cancer with induction periods of less than 10 years in young military radar workers. Archives of Environmental Health: An International Journal. 2002; 57(4): 270-2.

Richter ED, Berman T, Ben-Michael E, Laster R, Westin JB. Cancer in radar technicians exposed to radiofrequency/microwave radiation: sentinel episodes. International journal of occupational and environmental health. 2000; 6(3):187-93.

Anders A, Adele G, Leeka K, David S, Anthony S. Epidemiology of Health Effects of Radiofrequency Exposure. Environ Health Perspect. 2004;112 (17):1741-54.

Davis RL., Mostofi FK., Cluster of testicular cancer in police officers exposed to hand-held radar. American Journal of Industrial Medicine. 1993; 24(2): 231-3.

Đinđić N, Jovanovi J, Veličković V, Damnjanovi I, Đinđić B, Radović J. Radiofrequency and microwave radiation health effects and occupational exposure. Acta Medica Medianae. 2011;50 (4) 74-78.

Williams RA, Webb TS. Exposure to radio-frequency radiation from an aircraft radar unit. Aviation, space, and environmental medicine. 1980; 51(11): 1243.

Garaj-Vrhovac V, Fučić A, Horvat D. The correlation between the frequency of micronuclei and specific chromosome aberrations in human lymphocytes exposed to microwave radiation in vitro. Mutation Research Letters. 1992; 281(3): 181-6.

Garaj-Vrhovac V, Fučić A. The rate of elimination of chromosomal aberrations after accidental exposure to microwave radiation. Bioelectrochemistry and Bioenergetics. 1993; 30: 319-25.

Garaj-Vrhovac V. Micronucleus assay and lymphocyte mitotic activity in risk assessment of occupational exposure to microwave radiation. Chemosphere. 1999; 39(13):2301-12.

Verschaeve L. Genetic damage in subjects exposed to radiofrequency radiation. Mutation Research. 2009: 681(2-3) :259-70.

Garaj-Vrhovac V, Horvat D, Koren Z. The effect of microwave radiation on the cell genome. Mutation Research Letters. 1990; 43(2): 87-93.

Moszczyński P, Lisiewicz J, Dmoch A, Zabiński Z, Bergier L, Rucińska M, et al. The effect of various occupational exposures to microwave radiation on the concentrations of immunoglobulins and T lymphocyte subsets. 1999; 52 (1-2): 30-4.

Yang HK, Cain CA, Lockwood J, Tompkins WAF. Effects of microwave exposure on the hamster immune system. I. Natural killer cell activity. Bioelectromagnetics. 1983; 4(2):123-39.

Rao GV, Cain CA, Tompkins WAF. Effects of microwave exposure on the hamster immune system. IV. Spleen cell IgM hemolytic plaque formation. Bioelectromagnetics. 1985; 6(1):41-52.

Dehghan N, Taeb S. Adverse health effects of occupational exposure to radiofrequency radiation in airport surveillance radar operators. Indian Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 2013; 17(1):7-11

ACGIH. 2010 TLVs® and BEIs® Threshold Limit Values for Chemical Substances and Physical Agents & Biological Exposure Indices. 2010.

Al-Saleh MH, Sundararaj U. Electromagnetic interference shielding mechanisms of CNT/ polymer composites. CARBON. 2009; 47 (7): 1738-46.

Jalali M, Dauterstedt S, Michaud A, Wuthrich R. Electromagnetic shielding of polymer–matrix composites with metallic nanoparticles. Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing. 2011; Part B 42 (6):1420-6.

Rantanen J, Fedotov IA. Standards, principles and approaches in occupational health services, 1995;5:7, In Encyclopaedia of Occupational Health and Safety Occupational Health. Jeanne Mager Stellman, International Labour Organization, ILO, 1998

O'Donnell MP. Health promotion in the workplace, third ed., Delmar, Albany, 2001.

Acutt J, Hattingh S. Occupational Health: Management and Practice for Health Practitioners, ethird ed. Juta, South Africa, 2004.




Iranian Journal of Health, Safety and Environment e-ISSN: :2345-5535 Iran university of Medical sciences, Tehran, Iran